This article systematically explores the theoretical logic and practical approaches to the digitalization of healthcare from the perspective of new institutional economics. By integrating institutional change theory, transaction cost theory, and digital economy theory, we construct an analytical framework for the digitalization of healthcare. This framework reveals the phased characteristics of China's healthcare digitalization development, the driving mechanisms of institutional change, and the breakthrough paths for this process. Furthermore, we propose an optimization approach. Our findings suggest that the digitalization of healthcare requires the dual driving forces of institutional innovation and technological synergy to achieve optimal allocation of medical resources and improve service efficiency.